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Air pollution measurement
LEDs are employed in air pollution measurement in several significant ways: 1. **Optical Particle Counters (OPC)**: LEDs are used in these devices to emit light. When air passes through the sensing area, particles in the air scatter the light from the LEDs. Sensors detect the scattered light, and based on the intensity and pattern of scattering, the number and size distribution of particles in the air are determined. This helps measure particulate matter (PM) pollution like PM2.5 and PM10. 2. **Gas Sensing**: In some gas sensors, LEDs are used in combination with photo detectors and specific gas-sensitive materials. For example, in a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor for carbon dioxide (CO₂) measurement, an infrared LED emits light at a specific wavelength that is absorbed by CO₂ molecules. The amount of light absorbed is measured by a detector and is proportional to the concentration of CO₂ in the air. 3. **Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Sulfur Oxides (SOx) Detection**: Specialized LEDs in the ultraviolet (UV) range can be used in chemiluminescence-based sensors for the detection of NOx. In these sensors, the NOx in the air reacts with ozone generated under UV LED illumination, producing light that is measured to quantify the NOx concentration. Similar principles can be applied for the detection of SOx. 4. **Ozone (O₃) Measurement**: LEDs in the UV range can be used to excite ozone molecules, and the resulting fluorescence or absorption is measured to determine the ozone concentration in the air.
The specific wavelengths of LEDs used in gas sensing depend on the gas being detected: 1. **Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Detection**: For CO₂ sensing using non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology, LEDs typically emit light in the infrared range around 4.2 - 4.3 µm (micrometers). 2. **Methane (CH₄) Detection**: Infrared LEDs emitting around 3.3 - 3.4 µm are often used for methane sensing. 3. **Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Detection**: In chemiluminescence-based NOx sensors, ultraviolet LEDs with wavelengths around 365 - 400 nm may be employed. 4. **Ozone (O₃) Detection**: For O₃ sensing, ultraviolet LEDs with wavelengths in the range of 254 nm are commonly used.
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